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New Zealand English (NZE, en-NZ〔 en-NZ is the language code for ''New Zealand English'', as defined by ISO standards (see ISO 639-1 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) and Internet standards (see IETF language tag).〕) is the dialect〔Hay, J., Macglagan, M., & Gordon, E. (2008). ''New Zealand English''. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.〕 of the English language used in New Zealand.The English language was established in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century. It is one of "the newest native-speaker variet() of the English language in existence, a variety which has developed and become distinctive only in the last 150 years".〔Trudgill, P., Gordon, E., Lewis, G., & Maclagan, M. (2000). Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English. ''Journal of Linguistics'', ''36''(2), p. 300).〕 The most distinctive influences on New Zealand English have come from Australian English, English in southern England, Irish English, Scottish English, the prestige Received Pronunciation (RP), and Māori. New Zealand English is most similar to Australian English in pronunciation, with some key differences. ==Dictionaries== The first comprehensive dictionary dedicated to New Zealand English was probably the ''Heinemann New Zealand Dictionary'', published in 1979. Edited by Harry Orsman, it is a 1,300-page book, with information relating to the usage and pronunciation of terms that were widely accepted throughout the English-speaking world and those peculiar to New Zealand. It includes a one-page list of the approximate date of entry into common parlance of the many terms found in New Zealand English but not elsewhere, such as "haka" (1827), "Boohai" (1920), and "bach" (1905). A second edition was published in 1989 and a third edition, published by Reed Publishing and edited by Nelson Wattie was published in 2001.〔(trove.nla.gov.au )〕 Orsman's next dictionary achievement was the publication of ''The New Zealand Dictionary'' published by New House Publishers in 1994. It was co-edited by Elizabeth Orsman. A second edition was published in 1995, edited by Elizabeth Orsman.〔(arts.canterbury.ac.nz )〕 In 1997, Oxford University Press produced ''The Dictionary of New Zealand English'', which it claimed was based on over 40 years of research. This research started with Orsman's 1951 thesis and continued with his editing this dictionary. To assist with and maintain this work, the New Zealand Dictionary Centre was founded in 1997. It has published several more dictionaries of New Zealand English, including ''The New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary'', edited by New Zealand lexicographer Tony Deverson in 1998, culminating in ''The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary'' in 2004, by Tony Deverson and Graeme Kennedy.〔(oxfordreference.com )〕 A second, revised edition of ''The New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary'' was published in 2006,〔(natlib.govt.nz )〕 this time using standard lexicographical regional markers to identify the NZ content which were absent in the first edition. Another authoritative work is the Collins English Dictionary first published 1979 by HarperCollins which contains an abundance of well-cited New Zealand words and phrases drawing from the 650 million word Bank of English a British research facility set up at the University of Birmingham in 1980 and funded by Collins publishers. Although this is a British dictionary of International English there has always been a credited New Zealand advisor for the New Zealand content, namely Professor Ian Gordon from 1979 until 2002 and Professor Elizabeth Gordon〔(arts.canterbury.ac.nz )〕 from the University of Canterbury since 2003. New Zealand-specific dictionaries compiled from the ''Collins English Dictionary'' include the ''Collins New Zealand Concise English Dictionary'' (1982), ''Collins New Zealand School Dictionary'' (1999) and ''Collins New Zealand Paperback Dictionary'' (2009.) In 1981 Australia's Macquarie Dictionary was published. This work has since become the authority on Australian English. From the onset the ''Macquarie Dictionary'' has always included an abundance of New Zealand words and phrases additional to the mutually shared words and phrases of both countries. Every edition has retained a New Zealander advisor for the New Zealand content, the first being Harry Orsman〔(victoria.ac.nz )〕 and the most recent being noted New Zealand lexicographer Laurie Bauer. A more light-hearted look at English as spoken in New Zealand, ''A Personal Kiwi-Yankee Dictionary'', was written by the American-born University of Otago psychology lecturer Louis Leland in 1980. This slim volume lists many of the potentially confusing and/or misleading terms for Americans visiting or emigrating to New Zealand. A second edition was published in 1990. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「New Zealand English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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